{"id":2796,"date":"2019-03-19T20:37:53","date_gmt":"2019-03-19T20:37:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/empathygap.uk\/?p=2796"},"modified":"2021-10-09T15:00:56","modified_gmt":"2021-10-09T14:00:56","slug":"the-mathematical-basis-of-the-catastrophic-nature-of-identity-politics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/empathygap.uk\/?p=2796","title":{"rendered":"The Mathematical Basis of the Catastrophic Nature of Identity Politics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"
Illustrating tribal extinction (black curve) when mistrust is allowed to evolve (other curves)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

This is something I observed nearly two years ago now. I didn\u2019t quite believe it. There is a familiar phenomenon in algebraic work. You may have checked it three times but still feel there is something wrong. The best course of action in these cases is to leave the thing alone for several months and then come back to it having largely forgotten the details. It is amazing how often an error which was previously invisible can become glaringly obvious later. I followed this time-honoured approach. But the result remained stubbornly unchanged, no blunder was discovered. I now believe it to be correct and my account, complete with mathematical details, is here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of what do I\nregale you?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I speak of\nidentity politics, of which feminism is the prime example and prototype. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The academic presentation<\/a> rather obscures my intended application: deliberately so, to distance the mathematics from the controversy. Here I am more forthright about its possible interpretation in the world of identity politics.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defining\nessence of identity politics is that primacy is placed upon an individual\u2019s\nidentity group membership rather than upon their own individual merits. This is\ndirectly contrary to my own credo. Indeed, I regard it as a form of moral\ncorruption. However, that is opinion. The remarkable thing about my\nmathematical analysis is that it shows the adoption of an identity political\nstance necessarily leads to catastrophe. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mathematical\nanalysis can only be applied to a model, and a sufficiently idealised and\nsimplified model at that. The real, messy world of people is not directly\namenable to mathematical analysis. Actually, the real, messy world of inanimate\nmatter is not directly amenable to mathematical analysis either, though the\nsuccess of physics has led us to believe that it is. In truth, physics is only a\nmodel of the world. The lesson we can draw from physics, though, is the power\nof simplification. By neglecting complicating features, the essential nature of\nthe system can be exposed. Simplification makes a mathematical analysis of the\nsystem feasible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is an important\npoint. Many people might be inclined to argue that, by neglecting so much of\nthe complicated reality of a system, one is merely left with a fiction that\nbears no relationship to the true behaviour. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Newton\u2019s\nfirst and second laws of motion are now so familiar that it is easy to forget what\na conceptual leap they represented. To posit that a body will continue in a\nstate of uniform motion unless acted upon by a force was revolutionary. It is\ncontrary to one\u2019s daily experience that, unless you continually push something,\nit tends to stop moving. What Newton did (standing, of course, on the shoulders\nof giants like Galileo) was to understand that neglecting forces of resistance\nwas the key. Because resistance forces are absent in planetary motion, Newton\u2019s\nschema was strikingly successful in astronomy. The simplified model was\nmathematically tractable in this application, and provided the key to understanding\nall motion, including cases where resistance forces are important \u2013 by recognition\nof that very fact. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

People do\ntend to underestimate the power of mathematical analysis. Of course, mathematical\nanalysis tends to be tractable only when deployed in the context of a model\nwhich is sufficiently simplified. At least, this is the case when the analysis\nis purely algebraic, rather than computational. Computer models can be\nmonstrously complex (which does not necessarily make them more accurate \u2013 but let\u2019s\nnot get into climate change). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The key to\nunderstanding is to ignore those features which complicate but do not enlighten,\nand thus to expose to clear view those (few) truly essential features upon\nwhich the qualitative nature of the system\u2019s behaviour truly depend. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

I repeat: the defining essence of identity politics is that primacy is placed upon an individual\u2019s identity group membership rather than upon their own individual merits. This, then, is the key feature to be modelled, to the exclusion of other complicating features. To exclude complicating features, \u201cprimacy\u201d is replaced in the model with an absolute. My model starts with the simplifying assumption that individuals are not recognisable at all, only their identity group membership is apparent to others. (In my analysis, identity groups are referred to as \u201ctribes\u201d). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The model is\nbased on game theory. I need to back-track a little to explain the relevance of\ngame theory in sociology, specifically in the emergence, and stability, of very\nlarge scale cooperative human societies. Deep breath\u2026 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is not\nhard to understand cooperation, even altruism, arising in kinship groups. The\nbasis of such behaviour is genetic. Paradoxically (and rather pleasingly) the\nselfishness of genes is responsible for the dramatically unselfish behaviour of\nrelated individuals, who behave towards each other with genuine altruism, even sometimes\nbeing willing to sacrifice themselves for others. But humans, uniquely, form extremely\nlarge social groups of genetically unrelated individuals. Not only that, but\nhuman societies demand an extraordinary degree of cooperation, supporting a high\ndegree of specialisation and interdependence. How such cooperation between\ngenetically distant individuals arises, and is stabilised, has been (and continues\nto be) the subject of much academic analysis. One of the tools that has been\nused in such analyses is game theory, specifically in the form of evolutionary game\ntheory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reason why game theory is an appropriate tool with which to explore human social behaviour is that it provides an environment within which the natural tension between competition and cooperation can be analysed. The archetypical case is the Prisoners\u2019 Dilemma. Two prisoners are questioned separately. If both refuse to talk, they will both be convicted but receive only a modest sentence (say 2 years) for lack of evidence on all charges. If both talk, on the other hand, they will both be convicted and get a longer sentence (say 5 years). But if one talks and the other does not, the prisoner who talks will get the lightest possible sentence (say 1 year), whereas the prisoner who does not talk takes the bulk of the blame and gets 10 years. Prisoner A is better off talking whatever prisoner B does. This inexorable logic leads to both talking and hence getting 5 years each. But, paradoxically, if only they\u2019d both kept schtum they\u2019d both have got only 2 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is the natural tension between cooperation and competition. So long as you trust each other, both parties cooperating is mutually beneficial. Both mistrusting each other is mutually disbeneficial. Societies based on cooperation are always open to be exploited by freeloaders who are treacherous. So why don\u2019t societies collapse into a chaos of mistrusting non-cooperation? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The answer is that, unlike the Prisoners\u2019 Dilemma scenario, the \u2018game\u2019 is not a one-off. We all interact repeatedly with others, including interacting many times with the same individuals. In the jargon, this is called an \u201citerated game\u201d, i.e., the game is played many times over between each pair of players. Experiments with computer models and with humans show that tit-for-tat behaviours tend to do best (though it is important to realise that there is no such thing as the \u201cbest strategy\u201d \u2013 the best strategy will depend upon what everyone else is doing). Tit-for-tat means that you behave towards a given individual in the same way he last behaved towards you. If he turned Queen\u2019s evidence on you last time, you do the same to him now. But if he kept quiet last time, you repay the compliment now. Tit-for-tat might be called \u201cfirm-but-fair\u201d. The optimal players want to cooperate if possible, but take an intolerant stance towards those who cheat. It is no accident that this conforms to the way most people think. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In sociological\napplication, the \u201cgame\u201d can be any interaction between individuals whose\noutcomes can be measured by some \u201cpayoff\u201d, which might be positive (beneficial)\nor negative (detrimental). It is not necessary to specify the nature of the\ninteraction. It might be trade, for example. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In its evolutionary form, the aggregate payoff to a group can be used to define the group\u2019s evolutionary success, i.e., the payoff is reinterpreted as \u201cfitness\u201d in the Darwinian sense. A population is considered as comprising a number of different groups. At the end of each game \u201cround\u201d, the reproduction rate of the group is taken as proportional to their aggregate payoff. Successful groups therefore become more prevalent in the overall population, whilst unsuccessful groups diminish. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Large scale cooperative societies evolve, and are stabilised, through the four Rs: recognition, reputation, reciprocation and retribution. Recognition of individuals is necessary in order to be able to associate them with their past behaviour (reputation). If they were nice last time, you are nice now; if they reneged last time, you do so now (reciprocation). Retribution is partly refusal to cooperate with those who have not done so themselves in the past. But retribution can also be a society-wide phenomenon whereby a person\u2019s reputation goes before them: \u201cdon\u2019t trust that guy, he cheated me\u201d. Ultimately, retribution may involve legal sanction. Sufficiently harsh retribution is important to supress the rampant spread of free-loaders. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

These are the basic ingredients of reciprocal altruism. It\nis not really altruism at all; it is enlightened self-interest. Reciprocation\nmay be direct, in the sense that A favouring B is reciprocated by B favouring A;\nor it may be indirect, in the sense that A favours B, who favours C, who\nfavours D, and so on, with A hoping to be favoured in the end. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In practice, no one performs game theoretical optimisation\nwhen deciding how to act. Instead we are possessed of social emotions and\nintuitions which provide a shortcut. Thus shame, blame and guilt play an important\npart in guiding behaviour whose role is to promote cooperative behaviours\nwhilst also promoting a social tendency to punish those who do not do so. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point the purely game-theoretic development of\nsocial behaviour is incomplete. Some authors believe that competition between\ngroups is necessary to evolve the positive social emotions which promote a high\ndegree of intra-group cooperation. From this perspective, such cultural\nadaptation is seen as the origin of \u201cmoral\nsystems enforced by systems of sanctions and rewards<\/em>\u201d which act upon the\nindividual through evolved social emotions and behaviours, like shaming and\nguilt. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some people might object to this picture by citing our tendency to tip in restaurants even when we know we will never go there again. Well, we might be inclined to do so in order to avoid the waitress running after us down the street shouting \u201cmean bastard!\u201d (shaming). Or it might be because we know we will feel bad if we don\u2019t tip. We will feel bad (guilt) because of the social emotions which have evolved to promote cooperation and social cohesion. Such cases may give the appearance of genuine altruism, rather than reciprocal altruism. But this is because of the mechanism by which reciprocal altruism is instantiated, namely via the social emotions which are persistent. Matt Ridley has expressed it thus: \u201cgenuine goodness is the price we pay for having moral sentiments \u2013 those sentiments being valuable because of the opportunities they open in other circumstances<\/em>.\u201d Another good Ridley quote on the importance of the social emotions in promoting cooperative behaviour is, \u201cEmotion rather than reason (is) the wellspring of human motivation. The desire to escape or avoid guilt\u2026is a human universal, common to all people in all cultures\u201d. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, there is a snag, and a big one. Boyd and Richerson<\/a> observe that sufficient punishment can stabilise any behaviour, not just that which is socially beneficial: \u201cIf everybody agrees that individuals must do X, and punish those who do not do X, then X will be evolutionarily stable as long as the costs of being punished exceed the costs of doing X. It is irrelevant whether X benefits the group or is socially destructive<\/em>\u201d. This means that stable, cooperative societies need not be nice: they can be tyrannies. Well, this is hardly surprising. History is full of long-lived stable societies which, though cooperative, were based on slavery.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

So, that\u2019s\nthe background. Do note the crucial role played by recognition of the\nindividual in the formation of reciprocal altruism and hence cooperative\nsocieties. The question I asked myself is what happens if extreme Identity\nPolitics reigns so that individuals are not recognised \u2013 only group membership\nis recognised? Strategies like tit-for-tat are no longer possible, nor is any\nother strategy which relies on recognising the individual. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, game plays need not be deterministic. A member of tribe A may not play the same way against a member of tribe B on every occasion. Instead, the most general possible strategy is defined by the set of probabilities for how any member of tribe A will play against a member of tribe B, defined for all tribes and all possible game plays. Individual plays are stochastic (random) providing only that the frequencies over large numbers of plays are consistent with these probabilities. But the strategy, even the stochastic strategy, cannot depend upon individuals since individuals cannot be distinguished beyond their group membership. So past plays of an individual cannot be known and individuals have no reputation beyond the reputation embodied in their group\u2019s stochastic behaviour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The game is defined by a payoff matrix, i.e., the payoff to each player for any pair of plays by the two actors. The game considered can be more general than just of Prisoners\u2019 Dilemma type. My results hold for any possible two-player, binary play, symmetrical game (see the paper<\/a> for details). The characteristic of these games is that one play corresponds to cooperation whilst the alternative corresponds to reneging, or treachery. Thus, in the game strategy the probability of a member of tribe A reneging against a member of tribe B can be dubbed a \u201cmistrust\u201d parameter. (Similarly, the probability of playing the cooperative play is a trust parameter). Note that two members of the same tribe may also play in either a trusting or a mistrusting manner.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Assuming some game parameters (the payoff matrix and the assumed play strategies defined by the set of trust\/mistrust parameters) the analysis shows under what conditions the evolution of the group populations leads to a stable equilibrium with all groups extant. Considering just two identity groups, for some parameter choices one group becomes extinct. However, for many parameter choices the two groups evolve so that each attains an unchanging equilibrium population fraction. So far, so normal \u2013 for evolutionary game theory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The novel bit is to ask what happens if inter-group (and, for that matter, intra-group) trust\/mistrust parameters are also permitted to evolve? It is natural to assume they would. The trust or mistrust an individual feels for another individual is something that can change according to experience. This is the basis of strategies like tit-for-tat when individuals are recognisable and prior outcomes remembered. The analogue in this case, where individuals are not recognisable, is that tribes as a whole will be prepared to increase or decrease their mistrust if doing so leads to an increased payoff. An increased average payoff for a group (tribe) leads to an increased prevalence of that tribe in the population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The analysis can partly be done with pure algebra. What I could not do with pure algebra I did with exhaustive numerical computation. All possible game parameters were covered. The stunning result is this: tribes are driven to extinction until just one is left \u2013 always.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It doesn\u2019t stop there. When only one tribe remains, it is unstable to schism. Thus, if, within the now-monoculture of just one tribe, there arises a \u2018sect\u2019 with an ever-so-slightly different set of trust\/mistrust parameters, the situation is unstable. Either the sect is quickly obliterated, or the sect quickly obliterates the rest of the tribe. In fact, this instability against schism is present even before the other tribe(s) become extinct. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

My interpretation of this is that identity politics (at least in this extreme incarnation) drives the ultimate intolerance. It is in the interests of a given group to be highly intolerant (mistrustful) of another. The intolerance even extends to those within the same identity group. The tiniest infringement of the group’s belief system will make you an outcast, an apostate to be destroyed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do I need to labour (!) how familiar these behaviours are? The feminist movement has schismed into the TERFs and the SJWs and the Intersectionalists. One false word on Twitter and the mob will descend upon even the previously most staunch zealot. The endless and escalating feeding upon synthetic virtue is the neurotic obsession which arises from the struggle to keep within the ever-narrowing strictures of the dominant group. But the dynamics, as revealed by the mathematics, are that the limits of acceptance will become narrower and narrower, and the tightrope walk ultimately impossible to negotiate. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is a school of thought abroad at present that \u201cthe most intolerant wins\u201d. This school of thought observes that the best way to counter an intolerant ideological opponent is to be more intolerant of them than they are of you. This view is both right and wrong. It is right in the sense that my game theoretical analysis confirms this opinion. To win the game and be the group which survives, you need to be more mistrusting – more intolerant \u2013 than they are. But more profoundly this is wrong, because the real lesson of my analysis is that identity politics is inevitably catastrophic. To win is to lose. To adopt a winning strategy is to enjoin a game which is itself corrupting. What needs to be destroyed is not the opponent, but the identity political mindset itself, the moral corruption which is the eradication of the individual. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

You will now understand my original reticence to believe this result. It aligns so well with my prior belief system that I was naturally concerned that I might be falling prey to confirmation bias. But the mathematics is what it is. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Readers will\nunderstandably be cautious about believing grand universal claims on the basis of\nsuch a preposterously simple model. Quite right too. But note my earlier\nremarks about the power of simplification. Make the right simplifying\nidealisation and what results is not misleading but an illumination of features\nwhich a myriad of confusing contingent details have hitherto obscured. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This is something I observed nearly two years ago now. I didn\u2019t quite believe it. There is a familiar phenomenon in algebraic work. You may have checked it three times but still feel there is something wrong. The best course of action in these cases is to leave the thing alone for several months and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2796","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorised"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/empathygap.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2796","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/empathygap.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/empathygap.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/empathygap.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/empathygap.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2796"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"http:\/\/empathygap.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2796\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3893,"href":"http:\/\/empathygap.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2796\/revisions\/3893"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/empathygap.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2796"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/empathygap.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2796"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/empathygap.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2796"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}